【実施例】
【0303】
ペプチドFTELTLGEF(HLA-A1、PolyPeptideLaboratories、ドイツ、ウォルフェンビュッテル)、LMLGEFLKL(HLA-A2、Clinalfa、スイス、ジサッハ)、およびEPDLAQCFY(HLA-B35、PolyPeptideLaboratories)はすべて製剤品質のものを入手した。
【0304】
実施例1:
細胞表面に提示された腫瘍関連ペプチドの同定
組織試料
患者の腫瘍組織は、Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire de Genève(腫瘍免疫学癌治療研究室)とNeurochirurgische Universitäts-Klinik Heidelberg(分子生物学研究室)から提供された。手術前に全ての患者から書面でインフォームドコンセントを得た。組織は、術後直ちに液体窒素で衝撃冷凍し、TUMAPを単離するまで−80℃で保存した。
【0305】
組織試料からのHLAペプチドの単離
衝撃冷凍した組織試料のHLAペプチドプールは、わずかに改変したプロトコール(Falk,K. et al 1991;Seeger, F.H. et al.T 1999)に従い、HLA-A*02特異抗体BB7.2またはHLA−A、−B、−C特異抗体W6/32、CNBr-活性化セファロース、酸処理、および限外ろ過により、固体組織から免疫沈降によって得た。
【0306】
方法:
得られたHLAペプチドプールをその疎水性に従い逆相クロマトグラフィー(AcquityUPLC system、Waters)により分離し、溶出したペプチドは、ESI源付きLTQオービトラップ型ハイブリッド質量分析計(ThermoElectron)で分析した。ペプチドプールを1.7μmの逆相C18充填剤(Waters)が詰まった分析用溶融石英マイクロキャピラリーカラム(75μm i.d. x 250 mm)に、流速400nL/分とし、直接装填した。Subsequently, the peptides were separatedusing a two-step 180 minute-binary gradient from 10% to 33% B at flow rates of300 nL per minute.勾配は、溶媒A(0.1%蟻酸水溶液)と溶媒B(0.1%蟻酸アセトニトリル溶液)からなる。金被覆ガラスキャピラリー(PicoTip、NewObjective)をマイクロESI源への導入に使った。LTQオービトラップ型質量分析計をTOP5戦略により、データ依存モードで操作した。手短に言えば、オービトラップで(R=30,000)、高い質量精度の全スキャンからスキャンサイクルを開始し、続いて、以前に選択したイオンを動的排除した5つの最も多量に存在する前駆イオンについて、オービトラップ内で(R=7500)MS/MSスキャンを実施した。タンデム質量スペクトルは、SEQUESTおよび別の手動コントロールにより解釈した。同定したペプチド配列は、発生した天然ペプチドの断片化パターンを、合成配列の同一参照ペプチドの断片化パターンと比較して確認した。
図1は、ペプチドIGF2BP3-001関連MHC クラス I の腫瘍、および UPLC 系のその溶出プロフィールから得られた典型的なスペクトルを示す。
【0307】
実施例2:
本発明のペプチドをコードする遺伝子発現プロフィール
MHC分子による腫瘍細胞表面に提示されて同定されたペプチドすべてが、免疫療法に適しているとはいえない。その理由は、多くのペプチドが多数の細胞タイプにより発現された正常の細胞タンパク質に由来しているからである。これらのペプチドのほんの僅かだけが、腫瘍に関連しており、由来する腫瘍を認識するのに高い特異性を有するT細胞を誘導できる傾向を有している。このようなペプチドを同定し、ワクチン接種により誘導される自己免疫のリスクを最小限にするため、本発明者は多数の正常組織と比較して、腫瘍細胞で過剰発現されるタンパク質に由来するこれらのペプチドに焦点を当てた。
【0308】
理想的なペプチドは、腫瘍に特異的で他の組織には提示されないタンパク質に由来することである。理想的なペプチドに近い発現プロフィールを有する遺伝子に由来するペプチドを同定するために、同定したペプチドを、それらが由来するタンパク質と遺伝子にそれぞれ割り当て、これらの発現プロフィールを生成した。
【0309】
RNA源と予備調製
手術で取り除いた組織標本は、各患者から書面でインフォームドコンセントを得た後、2ヶ所の別な臨床施設(実施例1を参照)から提供された。腫瘍組織標本は、術後直ちに液体窒素でスナップ冷凍し、その後液体窒素下で乳鉢と乳棒を使い均質化した。RNAは,TRIzo1(Invitrogen,Karlstuhe, Germany)を用いてこれらの試料から調製し,続いてRNeasy(QIAGEN, Hilden , Germany)でクリーンアップした.両方法とも製造業者プロトコールに従って実施した。
【0310】
ヒト健常組織の総RNAは、市販で得た(Ambion,Huntingdon, UK; Clontech, Heidelberg, Germany; Stratagene, Amsterdam,Netherlands; BioChain, Hayward, CA, USA)。数名の個人(2名〜123名)から得たRNAを混合して、個々のRNAを等しく加重した。白血球は4名の健常ボランティアの血液試料から単離した。
【0311】
すべてのRNA試料の質と量は、RNA6000 Pico LabChip Kit (Agilent).を用いてAgilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent,Waldbronn, Germany) で測定した。
【0312】
マイクロアレイ実験
腫瘍および正常組織のRNA試料すべての遺伝子発現解析は、AffymetrixHuman Genome (HG) U133A または HG-U133 Plus 2.0 オリゴヌクレオチドマイクロアレイ(Affymetrix, SantaClara, CA, USA)で実施した。すべてのステップは Affymetrix マニュアルにしたがって実施された。簡単にいうと、二本鎖cDNAは、取扱説明書の記載通り、SuperScriptRTII (Invitrogen) と oligo-dT-T7 primer (MWG Biotech, Ebersberg, Germany) を用いて、合計5〜8 μg のRNAから合成した。in vitro転写は、U133A アレイにはBioArrayHigh Yield RNA Transcript Labelling Kit (ENZO Diagnostics, Inc., Farmingdale,NY, USA)で、U133 Plus 2.0 アレイにはGeneChip IVT Labelling Kit (Affymetrix)で実施し、続いてcRNA のハイブリダイゼーション、および染色は、ストレプタビジン−フィコエリスリンとビオチン化抗ストレプタビジン抗体を用いて実施した。 画像はAgilent2500A 遺伝子アレイスキャナー (U133A)またはAffymetrix 遺伝子チップスキャナー 3000 (U133 Plus 2.0) でスキャンし、データは全パラメータの初期設定値を用いてGCOSソフトウェア(Affymetrix)で解析した。正規化は、Affymetrixにより提供された100 個のハウスキーピング遺伝子を使った相対的発現値は、ソフトウェアで得たシングルログ比から計算し、正常腎試料は適宜1.0に設定した。
【0313】
本発明の神経膠芽細胞腫で高く過剰発現した本発明の遺伝子源の発現プロフィールを
図2に示す。
【0314】
実施例3:
IMA950MHCクラスI 提示ペプチドのin vitro免疫原性
本発明のTUMAPの免疫原性について情報を得るため、すでに(Walter,S, Herrgen, L, Schoor, O, Jung, G, Wernet, D, Buhring, HJ, Rammensee, HG, andStevanovic, S; 2003, Cutting edge: predetermined avidity of human CD8 T cellsexpanded on calibrated MHC/anti-CD28-coated microspheres, J.Immunol., 171,4974-4978)により報告され、十分確立されたin vitro刺激プラットフォームを用いて検討を行った。本発明の13 HLA-A*0201拘束性TUMAPに対しかなり高い免疫原性を示し得るこの方法は(試験ドナー 50 %以上で、 TUMAP-特異的 CTLの検出可能性あり)、CD8+ 前駆体T細胞がヒトに存在することに対し、これらのペプチドがT-細胞エピトープであることを明示している(表3)。
本発明の13HLA-A*0201拘束性 TUMAP
【0315】
CD8+ T細胞のin vitroプライミング
ペプチド−MHC複合体(pMHC)と抗CD28抗体を載せた人工抗原提示細胞(aAPC)によるinvitro刺激を実行するために、発明者はまず、標準的な密度勾配分離用溶媒(PAA、Coelbe、ドイツ)を使って、新しいHLA-A*02+バフィーコートからPBMC(末梢血単核細胞)を単離した。バフィーコートは血液バンクのTuebingenまたはKatharinenhospitalStuttgartから入手した。単離されたPBMCは、10%熱不活性化ヒトAB血清(PAA、Coelbe、ドイツ)が補充されたRPMI−グルタマックス(Invitrogen、Karlsruhe、ドイツ)、100U/mlペニシリン/100μg/mlストレプトマイシン(Cambrex、Verviers、ベルギー)、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム(CCPro、Neustadt、ドイツ)、および20μgml/ゲンタマイシン(Cambrex)で構成される、ヒトin vitroプライミング用T細胞培地(TCM)で一晩インキュベートした。CD8+リンパ球は、製造業者の指示に従い、CD8+MACS陽性分離キット(Miltenyi、Bergisch Gladbach、ドイツ)を用いて単離した。得られたCD8+細胞は、2.5ng/ml IL-7(PromoCell、Heidelberg、ドイツ)および10U/mlIL-2(Chiron、Munich、ドイツ)が補充されたTCM中で使用するまで、インキュベートした。pMHC/抗-CD28 被覆ビーズ、T細胞刺激および読み出しなどの生成は、僅かな改変をして前述した通り(Walteret al., 2003)に実施した。簡単に言うと、膜貫通型ドメインを欠き重鎖のカルボキ末端でビオチン化された、ビオチン化組み換えHLA-A*0201分子は、(Altmanet al., 1996)が報告した方法に従い生成した。精製した共刺激マウス IgG2a 抗ヒト CD28 Ab 9.3(Jung et al., 1987)は、製造業者が推奨するように、スルホ−N−ヒドロキシサクシンイミドビオチンで化学的にビオチン化された。使用したビーズは、5.60μmの大きいサイズのストレプタビジン被覆ポリスチレン粒子(BangsLaboratories、米国イリノイ州)である。陽性および陰性コントロールとして使用したpMHCは、それぞれ、A*0201/MLA-001(修飾Melan-A/MART-1から得たペプチドELAGIGILTV)とA*0201/DDX5-001(DDX5から得たYLLPAIVHI)である。
【0316】
ビーズ800,000個/200μlを、600ngのビオチン抗CD28+200ngの関連ビオチン−pMHC(高密度ビーズ)あるいは、2ngの関連MHC+200ngの非関連(pMHCライブラリ)MHC(低密度ビーズ)の存在下、96ウェルプレート中で被覆した。5ng/mlIL-12 (PromoCell) で補給された 200μl TCM 中で 2x10
5洗浄済み被覆ビーズと共に1x10
6 CD8+ T 細胞を、37°Cで3〜4日間共インキュベートして、刺激を開始した。
続いて、培地の半分を80U/ml IL-2が補充された新しいTCMと交換し、インキュベーションは37°Cで3〜4日間続けた。この刺激サイクルを合計3回実施した。最後に、四量体分析は、蛍光MHC四量体(Altmanet al., 1996)に報告されている通り作製)+ 抗体CD8-FITCクローンSK1(BD、Heidelberg、ドイツ)を用い、4色FACSCalibur(BD)にて実施した。ペプチド特異的細胞をCD8+T細胞の合計パーセンテージとして計算した。四量体分析の評価は、ソフトウェアFCS Express(De Novo Software)を用いて行った。特定の四量体+CD8+リンパ球のin vitroプライミングは、適切なゲート開閉と陰性コントロール刺激との比較によって、検出した。一例の健常ドナーについてin vitroで刺激された評価可能な少なくとも1つのウェルに、in vitro刺激後、特異的なCD8+ T細胞株が含まれることが発見された場合(すなわち、このウェルがCD8+ T細胞中に少なくとも1%の特異的四量体+を含んでおり、特異的四量体+細胞のパーセンテージが陰性コントロール刺激の中央値の少なくとも10倍であった場合)、特定抗原の免疫原性が検出された。
【0317】
IMA950ペプチドのIn vitro免疫原性
検討したHLAクラスIペプチドについて、in vitro免疫原性はペプチド特異的T細胞株を生成させることにより証明できた。本発明の2つのペプチドに対する、TUMAP-特異的四量体染色後の典型的なフロサイトメトリーの結果を
図3に示す。
本発明13個のペプチドの結果を表3に要約する。
【0318】
表3:本発明の高免疫原性 HLA class I ペプチドのin vitro 免疫原性
【表3】
【0319】
健常血液ドナーから得られたこれらの結果に加え、少数の神経膠芽細胞腫患者では、ペプチドBCA-002、CHI3L1-001、およびNLGN4X-001も検討した。全てのペプチドは健常ドナーと比較し、同程度の免疫原性であることが証明され、このワクチンの関連標的集団には前駆T細胞が存在することを示している。
【0320】
実施例4:
本発明のHLAクラスI拘束性ペプチドのHLA-A*0201への結合
目的および概要
本分析の目的は、癌免疫療法の一部としてのペプチドの作用機序の重要なパラメータであるため、HLA-A*0201対立遺伝子によってコードされるMHC分子へのHLAクラスIペプチドの親和性を評価することであった。試験したHLA クラスI-拘束性ペプチド0のHLA-A*0201 への親和性は、B型肝炎コア抗原由来の既知で強いA*02結合因子である、陽性コントロールペプチド HBV-001の解離定数の範囲で、中等度から強度であった。これらの結果から、本発明で試験したすべての HLA クラスI ペプチドは強い結合親和性を有することが確認された。
【0321】
試験の原理
Stable HLA/peptide complexesconsist of three molecules: HLA heavy chain, beta-2 microglobulin (b2m) and thepeptidic ligand 変性組み換えHLA-A*0201重鎖分子単独の活性は、その重鎖分子に「空のHLA-A*0201分子」と同等な機能を与えながら保存することができる。これらの分子は、b2mと適切なペプチドを含む水性緩衝剤に希釈すると、完全にペプチド依存的に迅速に効率よく折り畳まれる。これらの分子の有用性は、ペプチドとHLAクラスI分子間の相互作用の親和性を測定する、ELISAに基づくアッセイで利用されている(Sylvester-Hvidet al., 2002)。
【0322】
精製された組み換えHLA-A*0201分子は、b2mと共にインキュベートされ、関心のあるペプチドの用量を評価した。新規折り畳みHLA/ペプチド複合体の量は、定量的ELISA法で測定した。解離定数(KD値)は、較正物質であるHLA/ペプチド複合体を希釈して記録した標準曲線を用いて計算した。
【0323】
結果
結果は、
図4に示している。KD値が低いほどHLA-A*0201への親和性は高い。本発明のすべての試験ペプチドは、既知の強いA*02 結合因子である、陽性コントロールペプチドHBV-001の解離定数付近で、HLA-A*0201 と強い親和性を有している従って、全ての本発明のクラスITUMAPはMHC分子A*02に対して中等度から強度の結合親和性を持つ。
【0324】
参考文献
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