前記生成手段は、前記入力情報ビットに基づいて、前記第1出力情報ビットと前記第2出力情報ビットの第1ペアと、第3出力情報ビットと第4出力情報ビットの第2ペアを生成し、
前記第1出力情報ビットは第1偏波方向の第1軸上のコンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、前記第2出力情報ビットは前記第1偏波方向の第2軸上の前記コンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、
前記第3出力情報ビットは第2偏波方向の第1軸上のコンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、前記第4出力情報ビットは前記第2偏波方向の第2軸上の前記コンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、
前記第1偏波方向の前記第1又は第2軸の少なくとも1つの前記コンステレーションポイントの確率は第1分布に従い、前記第1分布は複数の局所最大値を有し、
前記第2偏波方向の前記第1又は第2軸の少なくとも1つの前記コンステレーションポイントの確率は第2分布に従い、前記第2分布は複数の局所最大値を有する、
請求項1に記載のデータ処理装置。
光信号を伝送中、伝送用のチャネルは通常、多くの要因に起因する雑音に悩まされる。雑音源は本質的にガウシアンである傾向があるため、このような雑音の多いチャネルは、分析の便宜上、しばしば加算性白色ガウス雑音(AWGN)チャネルと見なされる。
非特許文献1(NPL1)は、AWGNチャネルで伝送される光信号の最適容量は、マクスウェル-ボルツマン確率分布の整形されたシンボルで達成できることを開示する。
別の関連技術として、特許文献1(PTL1)は、確率的整形及びシンボルレート最適化のための光送信機を開示する。具体的には、PTL1では、光送信機は1以上のマッチャー要素を含み、その各々が、ターゲット確率分布に応じた受信バイナリデータで表されるシンボルにそれぞれの確率を割り当て、それぞれの整形されたビットシーケンスを出力するように構成される。
また、特許文献2(PTL2)は、符号化装置を開示する。符号化装置に含まれる回路構成は、多値変調方式のコンステレーションにおける複数のシンボルのうち、フレーム内の複数のビット列のそれぞれの値に対応するシンボルを、複数のビット列に割り当てる。
信号伝送システムでは、ガウス雑音だけでなく、ドライバ、変調器、デジタルアナログ変換器(DAC)、アナログデジタル変換器(ADC)、増幅器及びファイバなどの様々な構成要素から発生する非線形性障害によって伝送容量が減少する。非線形性障害は、例えば受信信号の歪みにつながり、より高いエラー率を引き起こす可能性がある。
確率的コンステレーションシェーピング(PCS)法が実装されると、非線形性障害の問題はさらに深刻になる可能性がある。なぜなら、PCS法で処理された信号(以下、PCS信号とも記述する。)は、低エネルギーのコンステレーションポイントに割り当てられる確率が高くなる一方、直交振幅変調(QAM)法で処理された信号(以下、QAM信号とも記述する。)は、全てのコンステレーションポイントに割り当てられる確率が均一になるからである。その結果、PCS信号はQAM信号よりも顕著に高いピーク対平均電力比を有する傾向があり、非線形性障害が高くなる。PTL1及び2並びにNPL1で説明されている手法は、この問題の解決策を開示するものではない。
本開示の一側面によれば、以下を含むデータ処理装置が提供される:入力情報ビットを取得する取得手段と、前記入力情報ビットに基づいて第1出力情報ビットと第2出力情報ビットを生成する生成手段であって、前記第1出力情報ビットは第1軸上のコンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、前記第2出力情報ビットは第2軸上の前記コンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、前記第1又は第2軸の少なくとも1つの前記コンステレーションポイントの確率は、複数の局所最大値を有する分布に従う。
本開示の一側面によれば、以下を含む伝送装置が提供される:入力情報ビットを取得し、前記入力情報ビットに基づいて第1出力情報ビットと第2出力情報ビットを生成するように構成されるデータ処理装置と、前記データ処理装置が生成した前記第1出力情報ビットを第1アナログ信号に変換するように構成される第1デジタルアナログ変換器(DAC)と、前記データ処理装置が生成した前記第2出力情報ビットを第2アナログ信号に変換するように構成される第2DACと、前記第1及び第2アナログ信号をレーザー源によって生成された第1光キャリア信号に変調して、変調された光キャリア信号を形成するように構成される同相直交(IQ)変調器であって、前記第1出力情報ビットは第1軸上のコンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、前記第2出力情報ビットは第2軸上の前記コンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、前記第1又は第2軸の少なくとも1つの前記コンステレーションポイントの確率は、複数の局所最大値を有する分布に従う。
本開示の一側面によれば、以下を含む通信システムが提供される:伝送装置と、受信装置であって、前記伝送装置は、入力情報ビットを取得し、前記入力情報ビットに基づいて第1出力情報ビットと第2出力情報ビットを生成するように構成されるデータ処理装置と、前記データ処理装置が生成した前記第1出力情報ビットを第1アナログ信号に変換するように構成される第1デジタルアナログ変換器(DAC)と、前記データ処理装置が生成した前記第2出力情報ビットを第2アナログ信号に変換するように構成される第2DACと、前記第1及び第2アナログ信号を第1レーザー源によって生成された第1光キャリア信号に変調して、変調された光キャリア信号を形成するように構成される同相直交(IQ)変調器と、を有し、前記第1出力情報ビットは第1軸上のコンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、前記第2出力情報ビットは第2軸上の前記コンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、前記第1又は第2軸の少なくとも1つの前記コンステレーションポイントの確率は、複数の局所最大値を有する分布に従い、前記受信装置は、第2レーザー源が生成した第2光キャリア信号と前記変調された光キャリア信号とを混合して光復調信号を取得するように構成される混合器と、前記光復調信号の振幅を検出して第1アナログ復調信号を取得するように構成される第1光検出器と、前記光復調信号の振幅を検出して第2アナログ復調信号を取得するように構成される第2光検出器と、前記第1アナログ復調信号を第1デジタル復調信号に変換するように構成される第1アナログデジタル変換器(ADC)と、前記第2アナログ復調信号を第2デジタル復調信号に変換するように構成される第2ADCと、前記第1及び第2デジタル復調信号を前記第1及び第2出力情報ビットに変換するように構成される逆変換処理装置と、を有する。
本開示の一側面によれば、以下を含むデータ処理方法が提供される:入力情報ビットを取得し、前記入力情報ビットに基づいて第1出力情報ビットと第2出力情報ビットを生成し、前記第1出力情報ビットは第1軸上のコンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、前記第2出力情報ビットは第2軸上の前記コンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、前記第1又は第2軸の少なくとも1つの前記コンステレーションポイントの確率は、複数の局所最大値を有する分布に従う。
本開示の一側面によれば、以下をコンピュータに実行させるためのプログラムがある:入力情報ビットを取得し、前記入力情報ビットに基づいて第1出力情報ビットと第2出力情報ビットを生成し、前記第1出力情報ビットは第1軸上のコンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、前記第2出力情報ビットは第2軸上の前記コンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、前記第1又は第2軸の少なくとも1つの前記コンステレーションポイントの確率は、複数の局所最大値を有する分布に従う。
以下、本開示にかかる実施の形態を、図面を参照して説明する。なお、以下の記載及び図面は、説明を明確にするために適宜省略及び簡略化されている。また、同一の構成要素については、図面全体で同一の参照番号(又は記号)で表され、必要に応じて余分な記載は省略される。また、本開示においては、特に指定がない限り、「A又はBの少なくとも1つ(A/B)」 は、A若しくはBの任意のいずれか、又はAとBの両方を意味してもよい。同様に、「少なくとも1つ」 が3つ以上の構成要素について用いられるとき、これらの構成要素の任意のいずれか、又は任意の複数の構成要素(全ての構成要素を含む)を意味することができる。また、本開示の記載において、「a」、「an」、「the」及び「one」のような単数形を用いて記述された構成要素は、明示されない限り、複数の構成要素であってもよいことに留意されたい。
取得部12は入力情報ビットを取得し、それを生成部14に送信する。入力情報ビットは、例えば光キャリア信号を用いて、データ処理装置10から他の装置/コンピュータに送信される情報であってもよい。取得部12は、他の装置から入力情報ビットを受信してもよい。ただし、データ処理装置10は、入力情報ビットを受信する代わりに生成してもよい。
生成部14は、入力情報ビットに基づいて、第1出力情報ビットと第2出力情報ビットを生成する。具体的には、生成部14は、第1及び第2出力情報ビットを次のように設定する:第1出力情報ビットは、第1軸上のコンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応し、第2出力情報ビットは、第2軸上のコンステレーションダイアグラムのコンステレーションポイントに対応する。第1及び第2軸は、IQ平面のI(In-Phase)及びQ(Quadrature)軸として記述されてもよい。第1出力情報ビット及び第2出力情報ビットは、他の装置/コンピュータに送信されてもよい。
さらに、生成部14は、複数の局所最大値(local maxima)を有する分布に従うように、第1又は第2軸の少なくとも1つのコンステレーションポイントの確率を設定する。すなわち、分布関数は2つ以上の離散的な局所最大値を有し、これらの局所最大値の間に局所最小値が存在する。分布関数は対称関数であってもよいが、これに限定されない。
まず、取得部12は入力情報ビットを取得する(ステップS11)。次に、生成部14は、入力情報ビットに基づいて、第1出力情報ビットと第2出力情報ビットを生成する(ステップS12)。
PCS信号は、低エネルギーのコンステレーションポイントに割り当てられる確率がより高いため、非線形性の問題が悪化する可能性がある。しかしながら、実施の形態1では、データ処理装置は、複数の局所最大値を有する分布を使用する。そのため、PCS法を使用する場合に比べて、低エネルギーのコンステレーションポイントに割り当てられる確率を低減できるため、データ処理装置10は、第1及び第2出力情報ビットの信号伝送の障害を抑制できる。
この例では、第1偏波方向の第1又は第2軸の少なくとも1つのコンステレーションポイントの確率は第1分布に従い、第1分布は複数の局所最大値を有し、第2偏波方向の第1又は第2軸の少なくとも1つのコンステレーションポイントの確率は第2分布に従い、第2分布は複数の局所最大値を有する。
さらに、第1DACは、データ処理装置が生成した第1出力情報ビットを第1アナログ信号に変換し、第2DACは、データ処理装置が生成した第2出力情報ビットを第2アナログ信号に変換する。IQ変調器は、第1及び第2アナログ信号をレーザー源が生成した光キャリア信号に変調し、変調された光キャリア信号を形成する。
(1A)に示すデータ処理装置10の代わりに、(1B)に示すデータ処理装置10が送信機に組み込まれてもよい。(1C)に示す送信機は、第1及び第2出力情報ビットの信号伝送障害を抑制できる。
具体的には、伝送装置は、データ処理装置10、第1DAC、第2DAC及びIQ変調器を有する。データ処理装置10、第1DAC、第2DACの説明は、(1C)に記載した通りであるため、省略する。データ処理装置10は、(1A)に示すデータ処理装置であってもよいし、(1B)に示すデータ処理装置であってもよい。さらに、IQ変調器は、第1レーザー源によって生成された第1光キャリア信号に、第1及び第2アナログ信号を変調し、変調された光キャリア信号を形成する。
受信装置は、混合器、第1光検出器、第2光検出器、第1アナログデジタル変換器(ADC)、第2ADC及び逆変換処理装置を有する。詳細には、混合器は、第2レーザー源によって生成された第2光キャリア信号を、変調された光キャリア信号と混合して、光復調信号を取得する。第1光検出器は、光復調信号の振幅を検出して第1アナログ復調信号を取得し、第2光検出器は、光復調信号の振幅を検出して第2アナログ復調信号を取得する。第1ADCは、第1アナログ復調信号を第1デジタル復調信号に変換し、第2ADCは、第2アナログ復調信号を第2デジタル復調信号に変換する。逆変換処理装置は、第1及び第2デジタル復調信号を第1及び第2出力情報ビットに変換する。
DSP101は、メモリ(不図示)に格納されたソフトウェアによって設定される処理を実行するハードウェア装置である。DSP101はトランスミッタDSPと呼ばれることもあり、DSP101が受信した情報ビット(ビットの入力シーケンス)に対してデジタル信号処理を行う。DSP101は(1A)のデータ処理装置10の一例である。変調光キャリア信号(詳細は後述される。)として伝送される情報ビットは、所定の設定を必要としない。つまり、情報ビットは完全に任意であってもよい。この例では、情報ビットはバイナリ情報である。
レーザー源103は第1光キャリア信号を生成し、IQ変調器104に出力する。IQ変調器104は、DAC102A及び102BからのI及びQアナログ駆動信号を受信し、光リンクL1で伝送する第1光キャリア信号を使用して変調する。
受信機200は、IQ変調器104が生成した送信信号を光リンクL1を介して受信し、受信した送信信号から入力情報ビットを回復する処理を実行するように構成される。光ファイバ通信システムS1の受信機200は、レーザー源201、混合器202、光検出器(PD)203、ADC204及びDSP205を有する。簡単のために、受信機200のいくつかの構成要素は図示されず、説明されない。省略された構成要素は、増幅器、ドライバ、又はバイアス回路の少なくとも1つを含んでもよいが、これらに限定されない。受信機200の各部について詳しく説明する。
レーザー源201は、第2光キャリア信号(局所光キャリア信号)を生成し、混合器202に出力する。混合器202は、レーザー源201で生成された第2光キャリア信号と受信した送信信号を混合して光復調信号を得る。
PD203Aは光復調信号の振幅を検出してIのアナログ復調信号を取得し、PD203Bは光復調信号の振幅を検出してQのアナログ復調信号を取得する。このようにして、I及びQのペアでアナログ復調信号が生成され、各アナログ復調信号がADC204Aと204Bにそれぞれ出力される。
ADC204AはPD203Aからのアナログ復調信号をサンプリングしてIのデジタル復調信号を生成するように構成され、ADC204BはPD203Bからのアナログ復調信号をサンプリングしてQの対応するデジタル復調信号を生成するように構成される。このようにして、I及びQのペアでデジタル復調信号が生成され、DSP205に送信される。
DSP205は、メモリ(不図示)に格納されたソフトウェアによって設定される処理を実行するハードウェア装置である。DSP205はレシーバーDSPと呼ばれることもあり、入力情報ビットを回復するために、DSP205に入力されたデジタル復調信号に対してデジタル信号処理を行う。
処理部211は、I及びQの受信されたデジタル復調信号に、クロストーク等化(equalization)、キャリアリカバリ、マッチドフィルタリングを含むがこれに限定されない複数の処理アクションを適用するように構成される。処理されたI及びQの信号は、逆分布マッチャー212に送信される。
逆分布マッチャー212は、逆M-PAMテンプレートに基づいて、I及びQの処理された信号を入力情報ビットに逆変換するように構成される。すなわち、逆分布マッチャー212は、分布マッチャー111が実行する変換処理と逆の変換処理を実行する。
デジタルコヒーレント伝送は、現代の電気通信において情報を伝送するために広く使用されている。データは、四位相偏移変調(QPSK)、8-QAM、16QAM、32-QAM、及び64-QAMなどの様々な変調形式に従ってキャリアの振幅と位相を変更することによって変調され、スペクトル効率(SE)はそれぞれ3、4、5、及び6ビット/s/Hzである。
これらの変調形式は、コンステレーションポイントの分布が均一である。つまり、情報ビットは、等しい確率を有する対応するコンステレーションポイントに変調される。任意のコンステレーションポイントの発生確率は、他と同じである。
前述の変調形式のデジタル光ファイバ通信システムでは、前方誤り訂正(FEC)による誤りのない通信に必要な信号対雑音比(SNR)は、異なる変調形式を適用することで調整できるが、候補となる変調形式は多くない。この状況は、大きな粒度をもたらす。
最近、これらの一様分布の変調形式の粒度を改善する技術が開発されている。最も一般的な技術の1つはPCSである。PCS技術は、シンボルの確率分布を一様分布からガウス分布に整形する。
前述のように、光信号の伝送中、伝送のチャネルは通常、多くの要因による雑音(特にAWGN)を被る。関連技術として、NPL1はガウス分布の一例であるマクスウェル-ボルツマン確率分布を用いた方法を開示する。FEC閾値を有する必要なSNRを有する所定の伝送距離について、通信路容量を最大化する最適なSEが存在する。一様に分布する信号のSEの粗い粒度とは異なり、ガウス分布に整形された信号は、SEが整形係数によって微調整できるため、密な粒度を示す。
しかしながら、信号伝送システムでは、ガウス雑音だけでなく、様々な構成要素から生じる非線形性の障害によって伝送容量が減少する。PCS法が実装されると、前述のように非線形性の障害の問題はさらに深刻になる可能性がある。
光ファイバ通信システムS1は、複数の局所最大値を有する正規化された分布を使用することで、この問題の発生を抑制することができる。マクスウェル-ボルツマン分布を使用するPCSエンコーダと比較して、整形された信号の平均電力は増加するが、整形された信号のピーク電力は同じのままである。
具体的には、送信機100(エンコーダ装置)は、シンボルのシーケンスを出力するように構成される分布マッチャー111を含む。シーケンスの各シンボルは、同相及び直交軸を有する同相直交(IQ)平面内の各コンステレーションポイントに対応する。コンステレーションポイントの分布は、複数の局所最大値を有する正規化された分布によって設定される。したがって、実施の形態2におけるPAPRは、関連技術と比較して減少し、より良い非線形許容性をもたらす。さらに、開示された処理により、光ファイバ通信システムS1は、非線形効果に対するより高い許容性の恩恵を受けて、必要なスペクトル効率を達成することが可能である。
さらに、対称な分布関数は、上記で定義したようにP(x)であってもよいので、送信機100は、対称な分布関数を簡単な形式で設定することができる。特に、分布関数が複数の最大確率点を有する場合、前述の効果がより強くなる。
DSP301は、メモリ(不図示)に格納されたソフトウェアによって設定される処理を実行するハードウェア装置である。DSP301はトランスミッタDSPと呼ばれることもあり、DSP301が受信した情報ビット(ビットの入力シーケンス)に対してデジタル信号処理を行う。DSP301は、(1B)のデータ処理装置10の他の例である。変調された光キャリア信号として送信される情報ビットは、所定の設定を必要としない。
レーザー源303は、第1光キャリア信号を生成し、スプリッタ304に出力する。スプリッタ304は、第1光キャリア信号を2つの直交偏光成分に分割するように構成される偏光ビームスプリッタである。2つの直交偏光成分の各々は、第1の偏光方向と第2の偏光方向をそれぞれ有する。
IQ変調器305AはXIとXQのアナログ駆動信号のペアを受信し、光リンクL2での伝送のために、スプリッタ304で生成された第1偏光成分を用いてこれらを変調する。また、IQ変調器305BはYIとYQのアナログ駆動信号のペアを受信し、光リンクL2での伝送のために、スプリッタ304で生成された第2偏光成分を用いてこれらを変調する。IQ変調器305A及び305Bで生成された変調された光信号は、直交偏光信号である。コンバイナ306は、2つの変調された光信号を合成し、PDM法を用いて光リンクL2で伝送する単一の変調された光キャリア信号を生成するように構成される。
受信機400は、送信機300が生成した変調された光キャリア信号を光リンクL2を介して受信し、変調された光キャリア信号から入力情報ビットを回復する処理を実行するように構成される。光ファイバ通信システムS2の受信機400は、スプリッタ401、レーザー源402、混合器403、PD404、ADC405及びDSP406を有する。簡単のために、受信機400のいくつかの構成要素は図示されず、説明されない。省略された構成要素は、増幅器、ドライバ、又はバイアス回路の少なくとも1つを含んでもよいが、これらに限定されない。受信機400の各部について詳しく説明する。
スプリッタ401は、受信した変調された光キャリア信号を2つの直交偏光成分に分割するように構成される偏光ビームスプリッタである。第1偏光方向の第1偏光成分が混合器403Aに送信され、第2偏光方向の第2偏光成分が混合器403Bに送信される。レーザー源402は、第1光キャリア信号に対応する第2光キャリア信号(局所光キャリア信号)を生成し、混合器403に出力する。
混合器403Aは、レーザー源402が生成した第2光キャリア信号と第1偏波成分を混合し、光復調信号を取得する。また、混合器403Bは、レーザー源402が生成した第2光キャリア信号と第2偏波成分を混合し、光復調信号を取得する。
PD404Aは、混合器403Aが生成した光復調信号の振幅を検出してXIのアナログ復調信号を取得し、PD404Bは、混合器403Aが生成した光復調信号の振幅を検出してXQのアナログ復調信号を取得する。同様に、PD404Cは、混合器403Bが生成した光復調信号の振幅を検出してYIのアナログ復調信号を取得し、PD404Dは、混合器403Bが生成した光復調信号の振幅を検出してYQのアナログ復調信号を取得する。これにより、第1の情報ビットのセット(X)に対するIとQのペアのアナログ復調信号が生成され、各アナログ復調信号がADC405Aと405Bにそれぞれ出力される。さらに、第2の情報ビットのセット(Y)に対するIとQのペアのアナログ復調信号が生成され、各アナログ復調信号がADC405Cと405Dにそれぞれ出力される。
ADC405Aは、PD404Aからのアナログ復調信号をサンプリングしてXIのデジタル復調信号を生成するように構成され、ADC405Bは、PD404Bからのアナログ復調信号をサンプリングしてXQのデジタル復調信号を生成するように構成される。また、ADC405Cは、PD404Cからのアナログ復調信号をサンプリングしてYIのデジタル復調信号を生成するように構成され、ADC405Dは、PD404Dからのアナログ復調信号をサンプリングしてYQのデジタル復調信号を生成するように構成される。このようにして、第1及び第2の情報ビットのセット(XとY)のIとQのペアのデジタル復調信号が生成され、DSP406に送信される。
DSP406は、メモリ(不図示)に格納されたソフトウェアによって設定される処理を実行するハードウェア装置である。DSP406はレシーバーDSPと呼ばれることもあり、入力情報ビットを回復するために、DSP406に入力されたデジタル復調信号に対してデジタル信号処理を実行する。
処理部411は、XI、XQ、YI及びYQの受信されたデジタル復調信号に、クロストーク等化、キャリアリカバリ、マッチドフィルタリングを含むがこれに限定されない複数の処理アクションを適用するように構成される。XI~YQの処理された信号は、逆分布マッチャー412に送信される。
逆分布マッチャー412は、XI~YQの処理された信号を逆M-PAMテンプレートに基づいて入力情報ビットに逆変換するように構成される。すなわち、逆分布マッチャー412は、分布マッチャー311が実行する変換処理と逆の変換処理を実行する。
実施の形態2と同じ理由で、光ファイバ通信システムS2は、複数の局所最大値を有する正規化された分布を使用することで、この問題の発生を抑制することができる。また、このような効果は、光ファイバ通信システムがPDM方式を実行する場合に存在する。
各実施の形態及び各例の変更及び調整は、本開示の全体的な開示(特許請求の範囲を含む)の範囲内で、本開示の基本的な技術的概念に基づいて可能である。したがって、本実施の形態は、すべての点で例示的であり、制限的ではないとみなされる。
例えば、実施の形態2では、出力整形ビットの確率分布は、I及びQの両方のレーンの確率の複数の局所最大値を有する。しかしながら、I又はQのいずれかのレーンが、複数の局所最大値を有する出力整形ビットの確率分布を有してもよい。実施の形態3についても同じことがいえる。
また、実施の形態2では、確率分布は複数の局所最大値を有するガウス分布である。ただし、確率分布は、ガウス関数以外の任意の超越関数、任意の代数関数(例えば、多項式又は有理関数)など、複数の局所最大値を有する任意の関数であってもよい。実施の形態3についても同じことがいえる。
通信インタフェース91(例えば、ネットワークインターフェイスコントローラ(NIC))は、データを受信及び/又は送信するために他のコンピュータ及び/又は機械と通信するように構成されてもよい。例えば、取得部12は、通信インタフェース91を含んでもよい。
メモリ92は、コンピュータシステム90が実施の形態で説明されたデータ処理を実行できるようにするプログラム94(プログラム命令)を格納する。メモリ92は、例えば、半導体メモリ(例えば、ランダムアクセスメモリ(RAM)、リードオンリーメモリ(ROM)、Electrically Erasable and Programmable ROM(EEPROM)、及び/又はハードディスクドライブ(HDD)、SSD(Solid State Drive)、コンパクトディスク(CD)、デジタルバーサタイルディスク(DVD)などの少なくとも1つを含む記憶装置を含む。別の観点からは、メモリ92は揮発性メモリ及び/又は不揮発性メモリによって形成される。メモリ92は、プロセッサ93とは別に配置されたストレージを含んでもよい。この場合、プロセッサ93はI/Oインターフェイス(不図示)を介してメモリ92にアクセスしてもよい。
プロセッサ93は、メモリ92からプログラム94(プログラム命令)を読み取ってプログラム94(プログラム命令)を実行し、上記の複数の実施形態の機能及び処理を実現するように構成される。プロセッサ93は、例えば、マイクロプロセッサ、MPU(Micro Processing Unit)又はCPU(Central Processing Unit)であってもよい。さらに、プロセッサ93は、複数のプロセッサを含んでもよい。この場合、各プロセッサは、命令群を含む1又は複数のプログラムを実行して、図面を参照して上記で説明されたアルゴリズムをコンピュータに実行させる。
プログラム94は、上記の複数の実施の形態におけるデータ処理装置10又は光ファイバ通信システムS1若しくはS2の各部の処理を実行するためのプログラム命令(プログラムモジュール)を含む。
プログラムは、コンピュータにロードされたときに、実施の形態に記載された1以上の機能をコンピュータに実行させる命令(又はソフトウェアコード)を含む。プログラムは、非一時的なコンピュータ可読媒体又は実体的な記憶媒体に格納されてもよい。制限ではなく例として、非一時的なコンピュータ可読媒体又は実体的な記憶媒体には、ランダムアクセスメモリ(RAM)、リードオンリーメモリ(ROM)、フラッシュメモリ、ソリッドステートドライブ(SSD)又はその他のメモリ技術、CD-ROM、デジタルバーサタイルディスク(DVD)、Blu-rayディスク((R):登録商標)又はその他の光ディスクストレージ、磁気カセット、磁気テープ、磁気ディスクストレージ又はその他の磁気記憶装置を含めることができる。プログラムは、一時的なコンピュータ可読媒体又は通信媒体で送信されてもよい。制限ではなく例として、一時的なコンピュータ可読媒体又は通信媒体には、電気的、光学的、音響的、又はその他の形式の伝播された信号を含めることができる。
様々な開示された構成要素(各例の各構成要素、各図面の各構成要素などを含む)の様々な組み合わせ及び選択は、本開示のクレームの範囲内で可能である。すなわち、本開示は、クレーム及び技術的概念を含む全体的な開示に従って、当業者が行うことができる様々なバリエーション及び修正を当然に含む。
[DESCRIPTION]
[Title of Invention]
DATA PROCESSING DEVICE, TRANSMITTING APPARATUS, COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, DATA PROCESSING METHOD AND PROGRAM
[Technical Field]
[0001]
The present disclosure relates to a data processing device, a transmitting apparatus, a communication system, a data processing method and a program.
[Background Art]
[0002]
A communication system such as a fiber-optic communication system has been developed recently.
[0003]
During transmission of optical signals, a channel for the transmission usually suffers from noises from many factors. Noise sources tend to be Gaussian in nature, so such a noisy channel is often considered as an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel for convenience in analysis.
[0004]
Non-Patent Literature 1 (NPL 1) discloses that optimal capacity for optical signals transmitted in an AWGN channel can be achieved with Maxwell-Boltzmann probability distribution shaped symbols.
[0005]
As another related techniques, Patent Literature 1 (PTL 1) discloses an optical transmitter for probabilistic shaping and symbol rate optimization. Specifically, in PTL 1, the optical transmitter includes one or more matcher elements, each configured to assign respective probabilities to symbols represented in received binary data dependent on a target probability distribution and to output a respective shaped bit sequence.
[0006]
Further, Patent Literature 2 (PTL 2) discloses an encoding device. Circuitry included in the encoding device assigns a symbol corresponding to a value of each of a plurality of bit strings in a frame among a plurality of the symbols in a constellation of a multi-level modulation scheme, to the plurality of bit strings.
[Citation List]
[Patent Literature]
[0007]
PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2021-141575
PTL 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2020-188357
[Non Patent Literature]
[0008]
NPL 1: T. Fehenberger, G. Bocherer, A. Alvarado, and N. Hanik, “LDPC coded modulation with probabilistic shaping for optical fiber systems”, in Proc. Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf., Los Angeles, CA, USA, Mar. 2015, Paper Th.2.A.23.
[Summary of Invention]
[Technical Problem]
[0009]
In a signal transmission system, the transmission capacity is decreased by not only Gaussian noise but also nonlinearity impairments occurred from a variety of components, such as a driver, a modulator, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), an amplifier and a fiber. The nonlinearity impairments may lead to distortions in a received signal, for example, resulting in a higher error rate.
[0010]
When the probabilistic constellation shaping (PCS) method is implemented, the problem of nonlinearity impairments may become even more severe. Because, signals processed by the PCS method (Hereafter, it is also described as PCS signals.) have a higher probability to be assigned to low-energy constellation points, while signals processed by quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) method (Hereafter, it is also described as QAM signals.) have a uniform probability to be assigned to all constellation points. As a result, the PCS signals tend to have a noticeable higher peak-to-average power ratio than the QAM signals, leading to higher nonlinearity impairments. The techniques described in PTLs 1 and 2 and NPL 1 do not disclose the solution to the problem.
[0011]
An object of the present disclosure is to provide a data processing device, a transmitting apparatus, a communication system, a data processing method and a program capable of suppressing impairments of signal transmission.
[Solution to Problem]
[0012]
According to one aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a data processing device that includes: an obtaining means for obtaining input information bits; and a generating means for generating a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits, wherein the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis, and a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima.
[0013]
According to one aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a transmitting apparatus that includes: a data processing device configured to obtain input information bits and generate a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits; a first digital-to-analog converter (DAC) configured to convert the first output information bits generated by the data processing device into a first analog signal; a second DAC configured to convert the second output information bits generated by the data processing device into a second analog signal; and an in-phase quadrature (IQ) modulator configured to modulate the first and the second analog signals onto a first optical carrier signal generated by a laser source to form a modulated optical carrier signal, wherein the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis, and a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima.
[0014]
According to one aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a communication system that includes: a transmitting apparatus; and a receiving apparatus, wherein the transmitting apparatus includes: a data processing device configured to obtain input information bits and generate a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits; a first digital-to-analog converter (DAC) configured to convert the first output information bits generated by the data processing device into a first analog signal; a second DAC configured to convert the second output information bits generated by the data processing device into a second analog signal; and an in-phase quadrature (IQ) modulator configured to modulate the first and the second analog signals onto a first optical carrier signal generated by a first laser source to form a modulated optical carrier signal, wherein the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis, and a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima, the receiving apparatus includes: a mixer configured to mix a second optical carrier signal generated by a second laser source with the modulated optical carrier signal to obtain an optical demodulated signal; a first photodetector configured to detect an amplitude of the optical demodulated signal to obtain a first analog demodulated signal; a second photodetector configured to detect an amplitude of the optical demodulated signal to obtain a second analog demodulated signal; a first analog-to-digital converter (ADC) configured to convert the first analog demodulated signal into a first digital demodulated signal; a second ADC configured to convert the second analog demodulated signal into a second digital demodulated signal; and an inverse transformation processing device configured to transform the first and the second digital demodulated signals into the first and second output information bits.
[0015]
According to one aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a data processing method that includes: obtaining input information bits; and generating a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits, wherein the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis, and a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima.
[0016]
According to one aspect of the disclosure, there is a program for causing a computer to execute: obtaining input information bits; and generating a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits, wherein the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis, and a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima.
[Advantageous Effects of Invention]
[0017]
According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a data processing device, a transmitting apparatus, a communication system, a data processing method and a program capable of suppressing impairments of signal transmission.
[Brief Description of Drawings]
[0018]
[Fig. 1]
Fig. 1 is an example of a block diagram of a data processing device according to the first example embodiment.
[Fig. 2]
Fig. 2 is an example of a flowchart illustrating a method of the data processing device according to the first example embodiment.
[Fig. 3]
Fig. 3 is an example of a block diagram of a fiber-optic communication system according to the second example embodiment.
[Fig. 4]
Fig. 4 is an example of a block diagram of a DSP in a transmitter according to the second example embodiment.
[Fig. 5]
Fig. 5 illustrates an example probabilistic distribution of output shaped bits.
[Fig. 6]
Fig. 6 illustrates a constellation of an example shaped modulated optical carrier signal.
[Fig. 7]
Fig. 7 is an example of a block diagram of a DSP in a receiver according to the second example embodiment.
[Fig. 8]
Fig. 8 is another example of a block diagram of a fiber-optic communication system according to the third example embodiment.
[Fig. 9]
Fig. 9 is an example of a block diagram of a DSP in a transmitter according to the third example embodiment.
[Fig. 10]
Fig. 10 is an example of a block diagram of a DSP in a receiver according to the third example embodiment.
[Fig. 11]
Fig. 11 is a block diagram of a computer apparatus according to example embodiments.
[Description of Embodiments]
[0019]
Example embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described hereinafter with reference to the drawings. Note that the following description and the drawings are omitted and simplified as appropriate for clarifying the explanation. Further, the same elements are denoted by the same reference numerals (or symbols) throughout the drawings, and redundant descriptions thereof are omitted as required. Also, in this disclosure, unless otherwise specified, “at least one of A or B (A/B)” may mean any one of A or B, or both A and B. Similarly, when “at least one” is used for three or more elements, it can mean any one of these elements, or any plurality of elements (including all elements). Further, it should be noted that in the description of this disclosure, elements described using the singular forms such as “a”, “an”, “the” and “one” may be multiple elements unless explicitly stated.
[0020]
(First Example Embodiment)
(1A)
First, a data processing device 10 according to the first example embodiment of the present disclosure is explained with reference to Fig. 1.
[0021]
Referring to Fig. 1, the data processing device 10 includes an obtaining unit 12 and a generating unit 14. At least one of components in the data processing device 10 includes, for example, one or more circuits. The data processing device 10 may be a part of one or more computers and/or machines for example, as a chip. The computers and/or machines may include a combination of one or a plurality of memories and one or a plurality of processors. Further, the data processing device 10 may be a part of a signal transmission system.
[0022]
The obtaining unit 12 obtains input information bits and sent them to the generating unit 14. The input information bits may information to be transmitted to another device/computer from the data processing device 10, for example, by using an optical carrier signal. The obtaining unit 12 may receive the input information bits from another device. However, the data processing device 10 may generate the input information bits instead of receiving them.
[0023]
The generating unit 14 generates a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits. Specifically, the generating unit 14 sets the first and second output information bits as follows: the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis. The first and second axes may be described as I (In-Phase) and Q (Quadrature) axes of an IQ plane. The first output information bits and second output information bits may be sent to another device/computer.
[0024]
Furthermore, the generating unit 14 sets a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis so that it follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima. Namely, the distribution function has two or more discrete local maxima, and a local minimum exists between these local maxima. The distribution function may be a symmetric function, but not limited to this.
[0025]
Next, referring to the flowchart in Fig. 2, an example of the operation of the present example embodiment will be described. The detail of each processing in Fig. 2 is already explained above.
[0026]
First, the obtaining unit 12 obtains input information bits (step S11). Next, the generating unit 14 generates a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits (step S12).
[0027]
As PCS signals have a higher probability to be assigned to low-energy constellation points, the nonlinearity problem may become worse. However, in the first example embodiment, the data processing device uses the distribution with a plurality of local maxima. Therefore, as the probability to be assigned to low-energy constellation points can be reduced compared to by using the PCS method, the data processing device 10 can suppress impairment of signal transmission of the first and second output information bits.
[0028]
(1B)
As a variation of the data processing device 10, it may be configured as follows: the obtaining unit 12 generates the first pair of the first output information bits and the second output information bits and the second pair of the third output information bits and the fourth output information bits based on the input information bits. Specifically, the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on the first axis in the first polarization direction and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on the second axis in the first polarization direction. Furthermore, the third output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on the first axis in the second polarization direction and the fourth output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on the second axis in the second polarization direction.
[0029]
In this example, a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis in the first polarization direction follows a first distribution, the first distribution having a plurality of local maxima, and a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis in the second polarization direction follows a second distribution, the second distribution having a plurality of local maxima.
[0030]
The data processing device 10 in (1B) can suppress impairment of signal transmission of the output information bits as shown in (1A).
[0031]
(1C)
The data processing device 10 shown in (1A) may also be incorporated into a transmitter. The transmitter includes the data processing device 10, the first digital-to-analog converter (DAC), the second DAC, and an in-phase quadrature (IQ) modulator. As explained previously, the data processing device 10 is configured to obtain input information bits and generate the first output information bits and the second output information bits based on the input information bits. The first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on the second axis, and a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima.
[0032]
Further, the first DAC converts the first output information bits generated by the data processing device into the first analog signal, and the second DAC converts the second output information bits generated by the data processing device into the second analog signal. The IQ modulator modulates the first and the second analog signals onto an optical carrier signal generated by a laser source to form a modulated optical carrier signal.
[0033]
The data processing device 10 shown in (1B) may be incorporated into the transmitter instead of the data processing device 10 shown in (1A). The transmitter shown in (1C) can suppress impairment of signal transmission of the first and second output information bits.
[0034]
(1D)
In addition, the transmitter shown in (1C) may also be incorporated into a communication system as a transmitting apparatus. The communication system includes the transmitting apparatus and a receiving apparatus.
[0035]
Specifically, the transmitting apparatus includes the data processing device 10, the first DAC, the second DAC, and the IQ modulator. The description of the data processing device 10, the first DAC and the second DAC is omitted, as described in (1C). The data processing device 10 may be the data processing device shown in (1A) or the data processing device shown in (1B). Further, the IQ modulator modulates the first and the second analog signals onto the first optical carrier signal generated by a first laser source to form a modulated optical carrier signal.
[0036]
The receiving apparatus includes a mixer, the first photodetector, the second photodetector, the first analog-to-digital converter (ADC), the second ADC and an inverse transformation processing device. In detail, the mixer mixes the second optical carrier signal generated by the second laser source with the modulated optical carrier signal to obtain an optical demodulated signal. The first photodetector detects an amplitude of the optical demodulated signal to obtain the first analog demodulated signal, and the second photodetector detects an amplitude of the optical demodulated signal to obtain the second analog demodulated signal. The first ADC converts the first analog demodulated signal into the first digital demodulated signal, and the second ADC converts the second analog demodulated signal into the second digital demodulated signal. The inverse transformation processing device transforms the first and the second digital demodulated signals into the first and second output information bits.
[0037]
The communication system shown in (1D) can suppress impairment of signal transmission in communication.
[0038]
(Second Example Embodiment)
The second example embodiment of this disclosure will be described below referring to the accompanied drawings. This second example embodiment explains one of the specific examples of application of the first embodiment.
[0039]
Fig. 3 illustrates an example of a block diagram of a fiber-optic communication system. The fiber-optic communication system S1 in Fig. 3 enables coherent optical communications which uses phase modulation as well as amplitude modulation of an optical carrier signal to carry information. The fiber-optic communication system S1 includes a transmitter 100, a receiver 200 and an optical link L1. The transmitter 100 and the receiver 200 is connected by the optical link L1 and the transmitter 100 sends the receiver 200 information as an optical signal via the optical link L1.
[0040]
As shown in Fig. 3, the transmitter 100 in the fiber-optic communication system S1 comprises a digital signal processor (DSP) 101, digital-to-analog converters (DACs) 102, a laser source 103 and an in-phase quadrature (IQ) modulator 104. For simplicity, some components in the transmitter 100 are not illustrated and discussed. The omitted components may include, but are not limited to, at least one of an amplifier, a driver, or a bias circuit. Each unit of the transmitter 100 will be explained in detail. The transmitter 100 functions as an encoder.
[0041]
The DSP 101 is a hardware device which executes operations configured by software stored in a memory (not shown). The DSP 101 may be called as a transmitter DSP and performs digital signal processing for information bits (input sequence of bits) received by the DSP 101. The DSP 101 is an example of the data processing device 10 in (1A). The information bits to be transmitted as a modulated optical carrier signal (Details will be described later.) do not require a predetermined configuration. In other words, the information bits may be completely arbitrary. In this example, the information bits are binary information.
[0042]
Fig. 4 is an example of a block diagram of the DSP 101. As shown in Fig. 4, the DSP 101 includes a distribution matcher 111. The information bits P1 are input to the distribution matcher 111 and the distribution matcher 111 shapes the information bits P1 to independently shape each signal dimension based on an M-ary pulse amplitude modulation (M-PAM) template. The distribution matcher 111 generates a pair of an in-phase (I) digital signal (the first sequence of bits) and a quadrature (Q) digital signal (the second sequence of bits) from the information bits P1. The distribution matcher 111 outputs shaped bits of the I and Q digital signals on two lanes to the DACs 102 connected to the DSP 101. The distribution matcher 111 and the IQ modulator 104 are connected by the I and Q lanes. The I digital signals are transmitted via the I lane and the Q digital signals are transmitted via the Q lane. The I digital signals correspond to a sequence of the constellation points of an IQ plane on I axis, and the Q digital signals correspond to a sequence of the constellation points of the IQ plane on Q axis.
[0043]
Given the M-PAM symbol set X = ±1, ±3, …, ±(M-1), the probability of constellation point x∈X is generated according to the following distribution:
Equation 1
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the I and Q axes, |x| is the absolute value of x, x’ denotes all x to be summed, λ is a shaping factor, μ is a peak factor and e is the Euler’s number. The distribution function (1) has two local maxima, and the denominator in (1) is used to normalise the distribution. The information bits P1 is shaped by using this distribution. In this example, the I and Q digital signals are signals shaped by the distribution. However, any of the I or Q digital signal may be a signal shaped by the distribution.
[0044]
Fig. 5 illustrates an example probabilistic distribution of the output shaped bits for the I lane. In this example, PCS for a 64-QAM signal is demonstrated. The shaping factor λ is set as 0.05 and the peak factor μ is set as 3 in this example. The x-axis of Fig. 5 is the amplitude of the output shaped bits for the I lane and the y-axis of Fig. 5 is the probability of the output shaped bits for the I lane according to different amplitudes. As shown in Fig. 5, there are two local maxima of the probability (about 0.16) at x=+3 and -3. The example probabilistic distribution of the output shaped bits for the Q lane is the same as that shown in Fig. 5.
[0045]
Both the shaping factor λ and the peak factor μ determine the entropy rate H(X) of the shaped QAM signal in bits/symbol. In specific, the binary entropy is denoted by the following equation:
Equation 2
As the shaping factor λ and the peak factor μ change, the distribution contains a fractional number of 1 < H(X)/2 < m bits/symbol. Hence, the rate adaptation can be realized by tuning at least one of the value of the shaping factor λ or the value of the peak factor μ.
[0046]
Referring back to the Fig. 3, the output shaped bits of the distribution matcher 111 for I and Q are transmitted to the DACs 102A and 102B, respectively. The DAC 102A transforms the output shaped bits for the I lane from digital format to analog format and the DAC 102B transforms the output shaped bits for the Q lane from digital format to analog format. The analog drive signals generated by the DACs 102A and 102B eventually enter the IQ modulator 104. As explained below, the IQ modulator 104 generates a transmission signal which is probabilistically shaped and modulated based on the analog information for I and Q.
[0047]
The laser source 103 produces the first optical carrier signal and output it to the IQ modulator 104. The IQ modulator 104 receives the I and Q analog drive signals from the DACs 102A and 102B and modulates them using the first optical carrier signal for transmission in the optical link L1.
[0048]
Fig. 6 illustrates the constellation of an example shaped modulated optical carrier signal (i.e., the transmission signal) generated by the IQ modulator 104. In this example, 100000 randomly-picked bits are used as the information bits for the distribution matcher 111, and the shaping factor λ and the peak factor μ in the distribution matcher 111 are 0.05 and 3, respectively. The x and y axes of Fig. 5 are the amplitudes of the output shaped bits for the I and Q lane, respectively. Further, the number of every constellation point in the example shaped 64-QAM modulated signal is plotted and indicated in the z-axis in Fig. 6.
[0049]
It is noted that, in Fig. 6, the constellation points with the highest probabilities are not the constellation points with the lowest signal powers, so that the average power of the shaped modulated optical signal is increased. To be more specific, the average power of the shaped modulated optical carrier signal is determined by the both the shaping factor λ and the peak factor μ. Since the peak power of the shaped modulated optical carrier signal is fixed, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) may be reduced. With a lower PAPR, an advantageous effect having lower nonlinearity impairments of the communication system could be achieved.
[0050]
In addition, it is noted that the distribution function is not limited to the distribution function with only one maximum probability point. A distribution function of the general form with one or a plurality of maximum probability points encompassing the case (1) is expressed as follows:
Equation 3
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the I and Q axes, |x| is the absolute value of x, x
j’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
i is a shaping factor, μ
i is a peak factor, e is the Euler’s number and i and j are independently summed indices (The number of i is half the number of local maxima.). The number of i is greater than or equal to one and if the number of i is one, the distribution function (3) is equal to the distribution function (1). The denominator in (3) is used to normalise the distribution. Both the I and Q digital signals may be signals shaped by the distribution, however, any of the I or Q digital signal may be a signal shaped by the distribution.
[0051]
Referring back to the Fig. 3, the optical link L1 comprises one or more spans of optical fibers. The optical link L1 may have at least one of an optical amplifier, a repeater or another device for monitoring and configuring the optical link L1. The optical link L1 sends the transmission signal to the receiver 200.
[0052]
The receiver 200 is configured to execute operations to receive the transmission signal generated by the IQ modulator 104 via the optical link L1 and recover the input information bits from the received transmission signal. The receiver 200 in the fiber-optic communication system S1 comprises a laser source 201, a mixer 202, photodetectors (PDs) 203, ADCs 204 and a DSP 205. For simplicity, some components in the receiver 200 are not illustrated and discussed. The omitted components may include, but are not limited to, at least one of an amplifier, a driver, or a bias circuit. Each unit of the receiver 200 will be explained in detail.
[0053]
The laser source 201 produces the second optical carrier signal (local optical carrier signal) and output it to the mixer 202. The mixer 202 mixes the second optical carrier signal generated by the laser source 201 with the received transmission signal to obtain the optical demodulated signal.
[0054]
The PD 203A detects the amplitude of the optical demodulated signal to obtain an analog demodulated signal for I and the PD 203B detects the amplitude of the optical demodulated signal to obtain an analog demodulated signal for Q. In this way, the analog demodulated signals in pairs of I and Q are generated and each of the analog demodulated signals are output to the ADC 204A and 204B, respectively.
[0055]
The ADC 204A is configured to sample the analog demodulated signal from the PD 203A to generate a digital demodulated signal for I and the ADC 204B is configured to sample the analog demodulated signal from the PD 203B to generate a corresponding digital demodulated signal for Q. In this way, the digital demodulated signals in pairs of I and Q are generated and sent to the DSP 205.
[0056]
The DSP 205 is a hardware device which executes operations configured by software stored in a memory (not shown). The DSP 205 may be called as a receiver DSP and performs digital signal processing for the digital demodulated signals input to the DSP 205 in order to recover the input information bits.
[0057]
Fig. 7 is an example of a block diagram of the DSP 205. As shown in Fig. 7, the DSP 205 includes a processing unit 211 and an inversed distribution matcher 212.
[0058]
The processing unit 211 is configured to apply a plurality of processing actions to the received digital demodulated signals for I and Q, including but not limited to crosstalk equalization, carrier recovery, and matched filtering. The processed signals for I and Q are sent to the inversed distribution matcher 212.
[0059]
The inversed distribution matcher 212 is configured to inversely turn the processed signals for I and Q to the input information bits based on an inverse M-PAM template. That is, the inversed distribution matcher 212 executes a conversion process reverse to the conversion process executed by the distribution matcher 111.
[0060]
Digital coherent transmission is widely used in modern telecommunications to transmit information. Data are modulated by changing the amplitude and phase of carriers in accordance with a variety of modulation formats, such as quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, and 64-QAM, where the spectral efficiencies (SE) are 3, 4, 5, and 6 bit/s/Hz, respectively.
[0061]
Those modulation formats have uniform distribution of constellation points. That is to say, information bits are modulated into corresponding constellation points having an equal probability. The occurrence of probability of any constellation point is the same as others.
[0062]
For the digital fiber-optic communication system with the aforementioned modulation format, although the required signal to noise ratio (SNR) for error-free communication with forward error correction (FEC) can be tuned by applying different modulation formats, there are not much candidate modulation formats. This situation results in a large granularity.
[0063]
Recently, techniques have been developed to improve the granularity of those uniformly distributed modulation formats. One of the most popular techniques is PCS. The PCS technique shapes the probability distribution of symbols from a uniform distribution to a Gaussian distribution.
[0064]
As mentioned above, during transmission of optical signals, a channel for the transmission usually suffers from noises (especially AWGN) from many factors. As a related technique, NPL 1 discloses the method using the Maxwell-Boltzmann probability distribution, one example of the Gaussian distribution. For a given transmission distance with a required SNR with FEC threshold, there is an optimal SE which maximize the channel capacity. Unlike a coarse granularity of SEs of uniformly distributed signals, the Gaussian distribution shaped signals show dense granularity, since the SE can be finely tuned by the shaping factor.
[0065]
However, in a signal transmission system, the transmission capacity is decreased by not only Gaussian noise but also nonlinearity impairments occurred from a variety of components. When the PCS method is implemented, the problem of nonlinearity impairments may become even more severe, as noted above.
[0066]
The fiber-optic communication system S1 can limit the occurrence of this problem by using the normalized distribution with a plurality of local maxima. Compared to the PCS encoder using Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, the average power of shaped signals increases while the peak power of the shaped signals remains the same.
[0067]
Specifically, the transmitter 100 (encoder device) comprises the distribution matcher 111 configured to output the sequence of symbols. Each symbol in the sequence corresponds to each of the constellation points in an in-phase quadrature (IQ) plane having in-phase and quadrature axes. The distribution of the constellation points is configured by a normalized distribution with a plurality of local maxima. Therefore, the PAPR in the second example embodiment decreases compared to the related techniques and it results in better nonlinearity tolerance. In addition, with the disclosed processes, it is possible for the fiber-optic communication system S1 to achieve a required spectral efficiency with the benefit of higher tolerance for nonlinear effects.
[0068]
Further, the symmetric distribution function may be P(x) as defined above, thus the transmitter 100 can set the symmetric distribution function in an easy format. Especially, if the distribution function has a plurality of maximum probability points, the aforementioned effect becomes stronger.
[0069]
As a variation of the above description, the distribution function is not limited to the one defined in (1) or (3). Specifically, it may be asymmetric. For example, a function of the general form encompassing the case (1) is expressed as follows:
Equation 4
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the I and Q axes, |x| is the absolute value of x, x’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
1 and λ
2 are shaping factors, μ
1 and μ
2 are peak factors (λ
1 > 0, λ
2 > 0, μ
1 > 0 and μ
2 > 0) and e is the Euler’s number. In (4), the values of λ
1 and λ
2 may be different or the same, and the values of μ
1 and μ
2 may be different or the same. If the values of λ
1 and λ
2 are the same and the values of μ
1 and μ
2 are the same, the distribution function (4) is equal to the distribution function (1). The denominator in (4) is used to normalise the distribution.
[0070]
In addition, a function of the general form encompassing the case (3) is expressed as follows:
Equation 5
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the I and Q axes, |x| is the absolute value of x, x’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
1i and λ
2i are shaping factors, μ
1i and μ
2i are peak factors (λ
1i > 0, λ
2i > 0, μ
1i > 0 and μ
2i > 0) and e is the Euler’s number. In (5), the values of λ
1i and λ
2i may be different or the same, and the values of μ
1i and μ
2i may be different or the same. If the values of λ
1i and λ
2i are the same and the values of μ
1i and μ
2i are the same, the distribution function (5) is equal to the distribution function (3). The denominator in (5) is used to normalise the distribution.
[0071]
(Third Example Embodiment)
The third example embodiment of this disclosure will be described below referring to the accompanied drawings. This third example embodiment explains another specific example of application of the first embodiment. However, specific examples of the first example embodiment are not limited to the second and third example embodiments. The same explanations as in the second example embodiment may be omitted.
[0072]
Fig. 8 illustrates another example of a block diagram of a fiber-optic communication system. As in the fiber-optic communication system S1 of the second example embodiment, the fiber-optic communication system S2 in Fig. 8 enables coherent optical communications which uses phase modulation as well as amplitude modulation of an optical carrier signal to carry information. Further, polarization-division multiplexing (PDM) is configured in this system S2. The fiber-optic communication system S2 includes a transmitter 300, a receiver 400 and an optical link L2. The transmitter 300 and the receiver 400 is connected by the optical link L2 and the transmitter 300 sends the receiver 400 information as an optical signal via the optical link L2.
[0073]
The DSP 301 is a hardware device which executes operations configured by software stored in a memory (not shown). The DSP 301 may be called as a transmitter DSP and performs digital signal processing for information bits (input sequence of bits) received by the DSP 301. The DSP 301 is another example of the data processing device 10 in (1B). The information bits to be transmitted as a modulated optical carrier signal do not require a predetermined configuration.
[0074]
Fig. 9 is an example of a block diagram of the DSP 301. As shown in Fig. 9, the DSP 301 includes a distribution matcher 311. The information bits P2 are input to the distribution matcher 311 and the distribution matcher 311 divides the information bits P2 into the first set of information bits for the first polarization direction (X) and the second set of information bits for the second polarization direction (Y). Further, the distribution matcher 311 shapes each set of information bits to independently shape each signal dimension based on an M-PAM template. The distribution matcher 311 generates a pair of an in-phase (I) digital signal and a quadrature (Q) digital signal for each set of information bits (X and Y). As a result, the distribution matcher 311 outputs shaped bits on two lanes of XI and XQ regarding the first set of information bits (the first pair of the first output information bits and the second output information bits) and shaped bits on two lanes of YI and YQ regarding the second set of information bits (the second pair of the third output information bits and the fourth output information bits) to the DACs 302 connected to the DSP 301. The XI and XQ digital signals are horizontally polarized signals and the YI and YQ digital signals are vertically polarized signals. The distribution matcher 311 and the IQ modulator 305A are connected by the XI and XQ lanes. Also, the distribution matcher 311 and the IQ modulator 305B are connected by the YI and YQ lanes. The XI, XQ, YI and YQ digital signals are transmitted via the XI, XQ, YI and YQ lanes, respectively. The XI and XQ digital signals correspond to a sequence of the constellation points of the first set of information bits of an IQ plane on I and Q axes, respectively, and the YI and YQ digital signals correspond to a sequence of the constellation points of the second set of information bits of an IQ plane on I and Q axes, respectively.
[0075]
For the first set of information bits, given the M-PAM symbol set X = ±1, ±3, …, ±(M-1), the probability of constellation point x∈X in the first polarization direction is generated according to the following distribution:
Equation 6
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the I and Q axes in the first polarization direction, |x| is the absolute value of x, x’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
1 is a shaping factor, μ
1 is a peak factor and e is the Euler’s number. The distribution function (6) has two local maxima, and the denominator in (6) is used to normalise the distribution. The first set of information bits are shaped by using this distribution. In this example, the XI and XQ digital signals are signals shaped by the distribution. However, any of the XI or XQ digital signal may be a signal shaped by the distribution.
[0076]
Both the shaping factor λ
1 and the peak factor μ
1 determine the entropy rate H(X) of the shaped QAM signal in bits/symbol for the first polarization direction. In specific, the binary entropy is denoted by the following equation:
Equation 7
As the shaping factor λ
1 and the peak factor μ
1 change, the distribution contains a fractional number of 1 < H(X)/2 < m bits/symbol. Hence, the rate adaptation can be realized by tuning at least one of the value of the shaping factor λ
1 or the value of the peak factor μ
1.
[0077]
For the second set of information bits, given the M-PAM symbol set Y = ±1, ±3, …, ±(M-1), the probability of constellation point y∈Y in the second polarization direction is generated according to the following distribution:
Equation 8
wherein y is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the I and Q axes in the second polarization direction, |y| is the absolute value of y, y’ denotes all y to be summed, λ
2 is a shaping factor, μ
2 is a peak factor and e is the Euler’s number. The distribution function (8) has two local maxima, and the denominator in (8) is used to normalise the distribution. The second set of information bits are shaped by using this distribution. In this example, the YI and YQ digital signals are signals shaped by the distribution. However, any of the YI or YQ digital signal may be a signal shaped by the distribution.
[0078]
Both the shaping factor λ
2 and the peak factor μ
2 determine the entropy rate H(Y) of the shaped QAM signal in bits/symbol for the second polarization direction. In specific, the binary entropy is denoted by the following equation:
Equation 9
As the shaping factor λ
2 and the peak factor μ
2 change, the distribution contains a fractional number of 1 < H(Y)/2 < m bits/symbol. Hence, the rate adaptation can be realized by tuning at least one of the value of the shaping factor λ
2 or the value of the peak factor μ
2.
[0079]
Referring back to the Fig. 8, the output shaped bits of the distribution matcher 311 for I and Q are transmitted to the DACs 302A to 302D. The DAC 302A and 302B transform the output shaped bits for the XI and XQ lanes from digital format to analog format, respectively. Also, the DAC 302C and 302D transform the output shaped bits for the YI and YQ lanes from digital format to analog format, respectively. The analog drive signals generated by the process of the DACs 302A and 302B eventually enter the IQ modulator 305A and the analog drive signals generated by the process of the DACs 302C and 302D eventually enter the IQ modulator 305B. As explained below, the IQ modulator 305A generates a transmission signal which is probabilistically shaped and modulated based on the analog information for I and Q for the first set of information bits. Further, the IQ modulator 305B generates a transmission signal which is probabilistically shaped and modulated based on the analog information for I and Q for the second set of information bits.
[0080]
The laser source 303 produces the first optical carrier signal and output it to the splitter 304. The splitter 304 is a polarization beam splitter configured to split the first optical carrier signal into two orthogonally polarized components. Each of the two orthogonally polarized components has the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction, respectively.
[0081]
The IQ modulator 305A receives a pair of the XI and XQ analog drive signals and modulates them using the first polarized component generated by the splitter 304 for transmission in the optical link L2. Also, the IQ modulator 305B receives a pair of the YI and YQ analog drive signals and modulates them using the second polarized component generated by the splitter 304 for transmission in the optical link L2. The modulated optical signals generated by the IQ modulators 305A and 305B are orthogonally polarized signals. The combiner 306 is configured to combine the two modulated optical signals to generate a single modulated optical carrier signal for transmission in the optical link L2 by using the PDM method.
[0082]
It is noted that the distribution function is not limited to the distribution function with only one maximum probability point. A distribution function of the general form with one or a plurality of maximum probability points encompassing the case (6) is expressed as follows:
Equation 10
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the I and Q axes in the first polarization direction, |x| is the absolute value of x, x
j’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
1i is a shaping factor, μ
1i is a peak factor, e is the Euler’s number and i and j are independently summed indices (The number of i is half the number of local maxima.). The number of i is greater than or equal to one and if the number of i is one, the distribution function (10) is equal to the distribution function (6). The denominator in (10) is used to normalise the distribution.
[0083]
Further, a distribution function of the general form with one or a plurality of maximum probability points encompassing the case (8) is expressed as follows:
Equation 11
wherein y is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the I and Q axes in the second polarization direction, |y| is the absolute value of y, y
j’ denotes all y to be summed, λ
2i is a shaping factor, μ
2i is a peak factor, e is the Euler’s number and i and j are independently summed indices (The number of i is half the number of local maxima.). The number of i is greater than or equal to one and if the number of i is one, the distribution function (11) is equal to the distribution function (8). The denominator in (11) is used to normalise the distribution. In the first polarization direction, both the I and Q digital signals may be signals shaped by the distribution, however, any of the I or Q digital signal may be a signal shaped by the distribution. The same can be said about the second polarization direction.
[0084]
Referring back to the Fig. 8, the optical link L2 may have the same configuration and function as the optical link Li in the second example embodiment, thus the detailed explanation of the optical link L2 is omitted.
[0085]
The receiver 400 is configured to execute operations to receive the modulated optical carrier signal generated by the transmitter 300 via the optical link L2 and recover the input information bits from the modulated optical carrier signal. The receiver 400 in the fiber-optic communication system S2 comprises a splitter 401, a laser source 402, mixers 403, PDs 404, ADCs 405 and DSPs 406. For simplicity, some components in the receiver 400 are not illustrated and discussed. The omitted components may include, but are not limited to, at least one of an amplifier, a driver, or a bias circuit. Each unit of the receiver 400 will be explained in detail.
[0086]
The splitter 401 is a polarization beam splitter configured to split the received modulated optical carrier signal into two orthogonally polarized components. The first polarized components with the first polarization direction are sent to the mixer 403A and the second polarized components with the second polarization direction are sent to the mixer 403B. The laser source 402 produces the second optical carrier signal (local optical carrier signal) corresponding to the first optical carrier signal and output it to the mixers 403.
[0087]
The mixer 403A mixes the second optical carrier signal generated by the laser source 402 with the first polarized components to obtain the optical demodulated signal. Also, the mixer 403B mixes the second optical carrier signal generated by the laser source 402 with the second polarized components to obtain the optical demodulated signal.
[0088]
The PD 404A detects the amplitude of the optical demodulated signal generated by the mixer 403A to obtain an analog demodulated signal for XI and the PD 404B detects the amplitude of the optical demodulated signal generated by the mixer 403A to obtain an analog demodulated signal for XQ. Similarly, the PD 404C detects the amplitude of the optical demodulated signal generated by the mixer 403B to obtain an analog demodulated signal for YI and the PD 404D detects the amplitude of the optical demodulated signal generated by the mixer 403B to obtain an analog demodulated signal for YQ. In this way, the analog demodulated signals in pairs of I and Q for the first set of information bits (X) are generated and each of the analog demodulated signals are output to the ADC 405A and 405B, respectively. Further, the analog demodulated signals in pairs of I and Q for the second set of information bits (Y) are generated and each of the analog demodulated signals are output to the ADC 405C and 405D, respectively.
[0089]
The ADC 405A is configured to sample the analog demodulated signal from the PD 404A to generate a digital demodulated signal for XI and the ADC 405B is configured to sample the analog demodulated signal from the PD 404B to generate a digital demodulated signal for XQ. Also, the ADC 405C is configured to sample the analog demodulated signal from the PD 404C to generate a digital demodulated signal for YI and the ADC 405D is configured to sample the analog demodulated signal from the PD 404D to generate a digital demodulated signal for YQ. In this way, the digital demodulated signals in pairs of I and Q for the first and second set of information bits (X and Y) are generated and sent to the DSP 406.
[0090]
The DSP 406 is a hardware device which executes operations configured by software stored in a memory (not shown). The DSP 406 may be called as a receiver DSP and performs digital signal processing for the digital demodulated signals input to the DSP 406 in order to recover the input information bits.
[0091]
Fig. 10 is an example of a block diagram of the DSP 406. As shown in Fig. 10, the DSP 406 includes a processing unit 411 and an inversed distribution matcher 412.
[0092]
The processing unit 411 is configured to apply a plurality of processing actions to the received digital demodulated signals for XI, XQ, YI and YQ, including but not limited to crosstalk equalization, carrier recovery, and matched filtering. The processed signals for XI to YQ are sent to the inversed distribution matcher 412.
[0093]
The inversed distribution matcher 412 is configured to inversely turn the processed signals for XI to YQ to the input information bits based on an inverse M-PAM template. That is, the inversed distribution matcher 412 executes a conversion process reverse to the conversion process executed by the distribution matcher 311.
[0094]
For the same reason as in the second example embodiment, the fiber-optic communication system S2 can limit the occurrence of this problem by using the normalized distribution with a plurality of local maxima. Further, such an effect exists when the fiber-optic communication system implements the PDM method.
[0095]
As a variation of the above description, the distribution function is not limited to the one defined in (6), (8), (10) or (11). Specifically, it may be asymmetric. For example, a function of the general form encompassing the case (6) is expressed as follows:
Equation 12
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the I and Q axes in the first polarization direction, |x| is the absolute value of x, x’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
α1 and λ
α2 are shaping factors, μ
α1 and μ
α2 are peak factors (λ
α1 > 0, λ
α2 > 0, μ
α1 > 0 and μ
α2 > 0) and e is the Euler’s number. In (12), the values of λ
α1 and λ
α2 may be different or the same, and the values of μ
α1 and μ
α2 may be different or the same. If the values of λ
α1 and λ
α2 are the same and the values of μ
α1 and μ
α2 are the same, the distribution function (12) is equal to the distribution function (6). The denominator in (12) is used to normalise the distribution.
[0096]
In addition, a function of the general form encompassing the case (8) is expressed as follows:
Equation 13
wherein y is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the I and Q axes in the second polarization direction, |y| is the absolute value of y, y’ denotes all y to be summed, λ
β1 and λ
β2 are shaping factors, μ
β1 and μ
β2 are peak factors (λ
β1 > 0, λ
β2 > 0, μ
β1 > 0 and μ
β2 > 0) and e is the Euler’s number. In (13), the values of λ
β1 and λ
β2 may be different or the same, and the values of μ
β1 and μ
β2 may be different or the same. If the values of λ
β1 and λ
β2 are the same and the values of μ
β1 and μ
β2 are the same, the distribution function (13) is equal to the distribution function (8). The denominator in (13) is used to normalise the distribution.
[0097]
Further, a function of the general form encompassing the case (10) is expressed as follows:
Equation 14
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the I and Q axes in the first polarization direction, |x| is the absolute value of x, x’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
α1i and λ
α2i are shaping factors, μ
α1i and μ
α2i are peak factors (λ
α1i > 0, λ
α2i > 0, μ
α1i > 0 and μ
α2i > 0) and e is the Euler’s number. In (14), the values of λ
α1i and λ
α2i may be different or the same, and the values of μ
α1i and μ
α2i may be different or the same. If the values of λ
α1i and λ
α2i are the same and the values of μ
α1i and μ
α2i are the same, the distribution function (14) is equal to the distribution function (10). The denominator in (14) is used to normalise the distribution.
[0098]
Also, a function of the general form encompassing the case (11) is expressed as follows:
Equation 15
wherein y is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the I and Q axes in the second polarization direction, |y| is the absolute value of y, y’ denotes all y to be summed, λ
β1i and λ
β2i are shaping factors, μ
β1i and μ
β2i are peak factors (λ
β1i > 0, λ
β2i > 0, μ
β1i > 0 and μ
β2i > 0) and e is the Euler’s number. In (15), the values of λ
β1i and λ
β2i may be different or the same, and the values of μ
β1i and μ
β2i may be different or the same. If the values of λ
β1i and λ
β2i are the same and the values of μ
β1i and μ
β2i are the same, the distribution function (15) is equal to the distribution function (11). The denominator in (15) is used to normalise the distribution.
[0099]
Modification and adjustment of each example embodiment and each example are possible within the scope of the overall disclosure (including the claims) of the present disclosure and based on the basic technical concept of the present disclosure. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.
[0100]
For example, in the second example embodiment, the probabilistic distribution of the output shaped bits has a plurality of local maxima of the probability for both I and Q lanes. However, either an I or Q lane may have the probabilistic distribution of the output shaped bits with a plurality of local maxima. The same can be said for the third example embodiment.
[0101]
Further, in the second example embodiment, the probabilistic distribution is the Gaussian distribution with a plurality of local maxima. However, the probabilistic distribution may be an arbitrary function with a plurality of local maxima, such as an arbitrary transcendental function other than the Gaussian function, an arbitrary algebraic function (e.g., a polynomial or a rational function), and so on. The same can be said for the third example embodiment.
[0102]
Next, a configuration example of the data processing device or fiber-optic communication system explained in the above-described plurality of embodiments is explained hereinafter with reference to Fig. 11.
[0103]
The data processing device 10, the transmitter and receiver of the fiber-optic communication system S1 or S2, may be implemented on a computer system as illustrated in Fig. 11. Referring to Fig. 11, a computer system 90, such as an information processing apparatus or the like, includes a communication interface 91, a memory 92 and a processor 93.
[0104]
The communication interface 91 (e.g., a network interface controller (NIC)) may be configured to communicate with other computer(s) and/or machine(s) to receive and/or send data. For example, the obtaining unit 12 may include the communication interface 91.
[0105]
The memory 92 stores program 94 (program instructions) to enable the computer system 90 to carry out the data processing described in the embodiments. The memory 92 includes, for example, a semiconductor memory (for example, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Erasable and Programmable ROM (EEPROM), and/or a storage device including at least one of Hard Disk Drive (HDD), SSD (Solid State Drive), Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and so forth. From another point of view, the memory 92 is formed by a volatile memory and/or a nonvolatile memory. The memory 92 may include a storage disposed apart from the processor 93. In this case, the processor 93 may access the memory 92 through an I/O interface (not shown).
[0106]
The processor 93 is configured to read the program 94 (program instructions) from the memory 92 to execute the program 94 (program instructions) to realize the functions and processes of the above-described plurality of embodiments. The processor 93 may be, for example, a microprocessor, an MPU (Micro Processing Unit), or a CPU (Central Processing Unit). Furthermore, the processor 93 may include a plurality of processors. In this case, each of the processors executes one or a plurality of programs including a group of instructions to cause a computer to perform an algorithm explained above with reference to the drawings.
[0107]
The program 94 includes program instructions (program modules) for executing processing of each unit of the data processing device 10 or the fiber-optic communication system S1 or S2 in the above-described plurality of embodiments.
[0108]
The program includes instructions (or software codes) that, when loaded into a computer, cause the computer to perform one or more of the functions described in the embodiments. The program may be stored in a non-transitory computer readable medium or a tangible storage medium. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer readable media or tangible storage media can include a random-access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a flash memory, a solid-state drive (SSD) or other memory technologies, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray disc ((R): Registered trademark) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices. The program may be transmitted on a transitory computer readable medium or a communication medium. By way of example, and not limitation, transitory computer readable media or communication media can include electrical, optical, acoustical, or other form of propagated signals.
[0109]
Part of or all the foregoing embodiments can be described as in the following appendixes, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
(Supplementary Note 1)
A data processing device comprising:
an obtaining means for obtaining input information bits; and
a generating means for generating a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits, wherein
the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis, and
a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima.
(Supplementary Note 2)
The data processing device according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein
the distribution is described as P(x) as follows:
Equation 16
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the first and second axes, |x| is the absolute value of x, x’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
1 > 0, λ
2 > 0, μ
1 > 0, μ
2 > 0 and e is the Euler’s number.
(Supplementary Note 3)
The data processing device according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein
the distribution is described as P(x) as follows:
Equation 17
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the first and second axes, |x| is the absolute value of x, x
j’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
1i > 0, λ
2i > 0, μ
1i > 0, μ
2i > 0, e is the Euler’s number and i and j are independently summed indices.
(Supplementary Note 4)
The data processing device according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein
the generating means generates a first pair of the first output information bits and the second output information bits and a second pair of a third output information bits and a fourth output information bits based on the input information bits,
the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis in a first polarization direction and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis in the first polarization direction,
the third output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis in a second polarization direction and the fourth output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis in the second polarization direction,
a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis in the first polarization direction follows a first distribution, the first distribution having a plurality of local maxima, and
a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis in the second polarization direction follows a second distribution, the second distribution having a plurality of local maxima.
(Supplementary Note 5)
The data processing device according to Supplementary Note 4, wherein
the first distribution is described as P(x) as follows:
Equation 18
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the first and second axes in the first polarization direction, |x| is the absolute value of x, x’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
α1 > 0, λ
α2 > 0, μ
α1 > 0, μ
α2 > 0 and e is the Euler’s number; and
the second distribution is described as P(y) as follows:
Equation 19
wherein y is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the first and second axes in the second polarization direction, |y| is the absolute value of y, y’ denotes all y to be summed, λ
β1 > 0, λ
β2 > 0, μ
β1 > 0, μ
β2 > 0 and e is the Euler’s number.
(Supplementary Note 6)
The data processing device according to Supplementary Note 4, wherein
the first distribution is described as P(x) as follows:
Equation 20
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the first and second axes in the first polarization direction, |x| is the absolute value of x, x
j’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
α1i > 0, λ
α2i > 0, μ
α1i > 0, μ
α2i > 0, e is the Euler’s number and i and j are independently summed indices; and
the second distribution is described as P(y) as follows:
Equation 21
wherein y is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the first and second axes in the second polarization direction, |y| is the absolute value of y, y
j’ denotes all y to be summed, λ
β1i > 0, λ
β2i > 0, μ
β1i > 0, μ
β2i > 0, e is the Euler’s number and i and j are independently summed indices.
(Supplementary Note 7)
A transmitting apparatus comprising:
a data processing device configured to obtain input information bits and generate a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits;
a first digital-to-analog converter (DAC) configured to convert the first output information bits generated by the data processing device into a first analog signal;
a second DAC configured to convert the second output information bits generated by the data processing device into a second analog signal; and
an in-phase quadrature (IQ) modulator configured to modulate the first and the second analog signals onto an optical carrier signal generated by a laser source to form a modulated optical carrier signal, wherein
the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis, and
a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima.
(Supplementary Note 8)
The transmitting apparatus according to Supplementary Note 7, wherein
the distribution is described as P(x) as follows:
Equation 22
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the first and second axes, |x| is the absolute value of x, x’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
1 > 0, λ
2 > 0, μ
1 > 0, μ
2 > 0 and e is the Euler’s number.
(Supplementary Note 9)
A communication system comprising:
a transmitting apparatus; and
a receiving apparatus, wherein
the transmitting apparatus includes:
a data processing device configured to obtain input information bits and generate a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits;
a first digital-to-analog converter (DAC) configured to convert the first output information bits generated by the data processing device into a first analog signal;
a second DAC configured to convert the second output information bits generated by the data processing device into a second analog signal; and
an in-phase quadrature (IQ) modulator configured to modulate the first and the second analog signals onto a first optical carrier signal generated by a first laser source to form a modulated optical carrier signal, wherein
the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis, and
a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima,
the receiving apparatus includes:
a mixer configured to mix a second optical carrier signal generated by a second laser source with the modulated optical carrier signal to obtain an optical demodulated signal;
a first photodetector configured to detect an amplitude of the optical demodulated signal to obtain a first analog demodulated signal;
a second photodetector configured to detect an amplitude of the optical demodulated signal to obtain a second analog demodulated signal;
a first analog-to-digital converter (ADC) configured to convert the first analog demodulated signal into a first digital demodulated signal;
a second ADC configured to convert the second analog demodulated signal into a second digital demodulated signal; and
an inverse transformation processing device configured to transform the first and the second digital demodulated signals into the first and second output information bits.
(Supplementary Note 10)
The transmitting apparatus according to Supplementary Note 9, wherein
the distribution is described as P(x) as follows:
Equation 23
wherein x is an amplitude corresponding to each of the constellation points along one of the first and second axes, |x| is the absolute value of x, x’ denotes all x to be summed, λ
1 > 0, λ
2 > 0, μ
1 > 0, μ
2 > 0 and e is the Euler’s number.
(Supplementary Note 11)
A data processing method comprising:
obtaining input information bits; and
generating a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits, wherein
the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis, and
a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima.
(Supplementary Note 12)
A program for causing a computer to execute:
obtaining input information bits; and
generating a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits, wherein
the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis, and
a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima.
[0110]
Various combinations and selections of various disclosed elements (including each element in each example, each element in each drawing, and the like) are possible within the scope of the claims of the present disclosure. That is, the present disclosure naturally includes various variations and modifications that could be made by those skilled in the art according to the overall disclosure including the claims and the technical concept.
[Reference Signs List]
[0111]
10 data processing device
12 obtaining unit
14 generating unit
100 transmitter
101 digital signal processor (DSP)
102 digital-to-analog converters (DAC)
103 laser source
104 in-phase quadrature (IQ) modulator
111 distribution matcher
200 receiver
201 laser source
202 mixer
203 photodetector (PD)
204 analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
205 digital signal processor (DSP)
211 processing unit
212 inversed distribution matcher
300 transmitter
301 digital signal processor (DSP)
302 digital-to-analog converters (DAC)
303 laser source
304 splitter
305 in-phase quadrature (IQ) modulator
306 combiner
311 distribution matcher
400 receiver
401 splitter
402 laser source
403 mixer
404 photodetector (PD)
405 analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
406 digital signal processor (DSP)
411 processing unit
412 inversed distribution matcher
L1 optical link
L2 optical link
S1 fiber-optic communication system
S2 fiber-optic communication system
[Abstract] An object of the present disclosure is to provide a data processing device, a data processing method and a program capable of suppressing impairments of signal transmission. A data processing device (10) includes a obtaining unit (12) configured to obtain input information bits; and a generating unit (14) configured to generate a first output information bits and a second output information bits based on the input information bits, wherein the first output information bits correspond to constellation points of a constellation diagram on a first axis and the second output information bits correspond to constellation points of the constellation diagram on a second axis, and a probability of the constellation points on at least one of the first or the second axis follows a distribution, the distribution having a plurality of local maxima.
[Representative Drawings] Fig. 1